Circulating levels of cytokines and risk of urologic cancers: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Chronic inflammation is associated with the etiology of various cancers. However, there is no systematic research on urological cancers.

The authors obtained data on bladder cancer (373,295 cases and 372,016 controls), prostate cancer (462,933 cases and 459,664 controls) and kidney cancer (463,010 cases and 461,896 controls) from the UK Biobank.

Genetic variations linked to 41 circulating cytokines were used as instrumental variables in meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) involving 8,293 Finnish individuals. The authors mainly used the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method to assess potential associations between the 41 cytokines and the risk of 3 common urological cancers. The weighted median, weighted mode and simple median methods were used to assess sensitivity. Heterogeneity and pleiotropic outliers were assessed by Cochran's Q test and MR-Egger regression. Genetic correlation, colocalization analysis and MR multivariate analysis were used to validate potential pleiotropy.